Galaxy Digital Portfolio

Ethereum is the programmable chain whose community chose a recovery history after The DAO, then replaced proof-of-work with a live proof-of-stake engine without swapping ETH.

Avalanche began with an anonymous consensus paper, then a Cornell team turned its repeated-sampling idea into a 2020 network with three specialized chains. Cortina later retired the live DAG, while Etna separated application-chain validation from the 2,000-AVAX Primary Network bond. AVAX still secures the Primary Network, where rewards mint and fees burn supply.

Terra Luna Classic is the original columbus-5 chain's asset, renamed LUNC after UST collapsed and a separate phoenix-1 network took the Terra name. LUNC now pays fees, backs staking and votes, but its trillion-scale supply, adjustable burn tax and validator-run upgrades do not create redemption or corporate rights.

Monad's parallel EVM reached public mainnet in November 2025, then changed from 400 ms blocks and 25 MON rewards to 300 ms and 18 MON. Its deeper story is how Foundation-delegated stake, Category Labs code and validator adoption govern a chain whose token has no documented holder ballot.

1inch began as a route finder, then added signed limit orders and Fusion resolver auctions. Its biography separates useful software from authority: 1INCH can create governance power, but does not itself own the router, treasury, interface operator or resolver business.

Sonic’s native S inherited Fantom balances 1:1 but added one-way migration, new issuance, validator staking, FeeM and an upgradeable Ethereum Gateway with distinct operator controls.

Axelar's mainnet opened in January 2022 for cross-chain asset transfers; GMP added contract calls in May and AXL opened staking and governance in September. ITS, Amplifier and Cobalt later changed how tokens, new connections and their verifier rewards are managed, while Gateway control still depends on each deployment.