Conflux

Conflux mainnet began in 2020 with a PoW idea: concurrent valid blocks need not become wasted forks. Each block carries one parent edge and references to other blocks. GHAST weighs work under subtrees, chooses a pivot chain, and uses the surrounding references to produce the linear order in which transactions execute.

Hydra later added a separate PoS chain. PoW miners still produce and order the Tree-Graph; staked participants vote on checkpoints that finalize that history. A CFX miner and a CFX PoS voter therefore protect different parts of the same settlement process, and neither role alone describes consensus.

Core Space is the native environment: base32 addresses, Conflux RPC, storage collateral, sponsored gas and a built-in contract-admin mechanism. eSpace uses 0x Ethereum-style accounts, eth RPC and an EVM increasingly aligned with Ethereum. They share network consensus but remain logically separate transaction spaces.

CrossSpaceCall is the doorway. Core-to-eSpace CFX transfer executes atomically through an internal contract. Returning from eSpace first sends CFX to the destination Core account's mapped address, then requires a Core-side withdrawal call. A bridge screen may hide those steps; it does not make the two account models identical.

The v3.1 announcement in August 2026 included a fix for EIP-7702 delegation resolution across that doorway. The documentation tied the mainnet upgrade to epoch 155140000 and CIP-173 activation to PoS block 3749400, estimating August 25 for both. On September 5, the official RPC reported epoch 156022670 and latest committed PoS block 3777454, so both thresholds had been crossed. That confirms activation by the review date without assigning an unverified exact execution timestamp. Compatibility remains a software property that developers implement and revise.

Conflux pre-minted 5 billion CFX. It then continued issuance for PoW blocks, PoS participation and storage-collateral interest. The 2026-03-13 filing used 5,191,066,641 circulating CFX, 849,705,000 staked, a 0.8 CFX block reward and 3.26% base interest to estimate 2.40% annual inflation. Those inputs can change by governance.

Burns run beside issuance. CIP-1559 burns a portion of base gas fees. In Core Space, CIP-107 turns a portion of added storage sponsorship into non-transferable storage points and burns the corresponding CFX. The Foundation also discloses that it may conduct discretionary burns; that organizational choice is separate from automatic protocol rules.

CFX can pay gas, secure storage, sponsor contract users and stake for PoS interest. Governance adds another lock: voting weight is quarters multiplied by CFX and 0.25, reaching one vote per coin at a one-year lock. The holder cannot shorten that commitment after locking.

A vote does not compile software. CIPs move from idea through specification and acceptance, then implementations ship in hard forks that miners, PoS nodes, RPC providers and users must adopt. v3.0 changed PoS penalties and eSpace behavior; v3.1 corrected PoS evidence and cross-space semantics. Foundation engineers can coordinate releases, while final operation depends on node adoption.

Application control is another layer. In Core Space, a contract creator becomes admin by default and may transfer the role or set it to zero; admins can manage sponsorship. v3.0 disabled the old destruction power. eSpace contracts instead carry whatever owner, proxy or upgrade rules their own code implements. CFX ownership is not a master admin key.

Conflux calls itself China's only regulatory-compliant permissionless public blockchain and publicizes partnerships as market access. A Shanghai Science and Technology Commission page separately records that the Shanghai Tree-Graph Blockchain Research Institute released Conflux public-chain system 1.0 in 2021. The government record supports institutional history, not the word only or blanket approval of CFX activity.

A partnership announcement shows that organizations agreed to a project or experiment. It does not make the partner a validator, token guarantor or debtor to CFX holders unless a separate contract says so. The 2026 regulatory whitepaper is explicit: CFX has technical utility but no enforceable ownership, profit, compensation or price-protection right.