DePIN

Bittensor uses a blockchain to settle stake-weighted judgments about work produced in independent off-chain subnets. TAO and dTAO alpha markets coordinate rewards, but neither Yuma scores nor token prices are objective certificates of intelligence.

Render's current token is Solana RENDER; Ethereum and Polygon RNDR are legacy assets with a one-way 1:1 upgrade. GPU work can earn node rewards and token balances can vote on RNPs, but holding RENDER alone grants neither compute, job income nor ownership of the Foundation or OTOY.

Beldex began as a Monero-derived privacy chain and switched to masternode proof of stake in 2021. Its native privacy and issuance rules are visible in code, while foundation rewards, application claims and EVM bridges add separate trust boundaries.

Filecoin turns storage into both a paid service and consensus weight. Clients make deals, providers lock FIL and prove sectors, while FVM adds contract logic; holding FIL alone grants none of those service, governance or Foundation rights.

BTT is the gas and governance asset of BTTC, descended from a token incentive added to the BitTorrent ecosystem after TRON acquired the company. The 1:1,000 redenomination, conditional host and staking income, and discontinued public bridge define what the token does—and what it does not own.

Grass sells access to distributed residential bandwidth for retrieving public web data and packages that data for AI customers. GRASS is its Solana staking and proposed governance token, but node rewards, company revenue, token rights and privacy claims are separate promises.

Jasmy is a Japanese company selling IoT data-control products such as Personal Data Locker and Secure PC. JASMY is a fixed-supply Ethereum token intended for data-value exchange, but its contract grants no governance, revenue, company ownership or automatic right to personal data.

ZBCN is a 100-billion-cap Solana token used around Zebec's payroll, card and SuperApp products. Its mint and freeze authorities are gone, yet staking upgrades, product fees, buybacks and corporate operations remain separate control surfaces—and the token carries no equity, dividend or redemption claim on Zebec entities.

Akash is an on-chain market for independent CPU and GPU providers. Tenants choose bids and fund leases in ACT; AKT secures validators, governs upgrades and funds, pays gas, and supplies ACT's oracle-priced burn-mint route.

IOTA is the native asset of a Move-based, object-oriented delegated-proof-of-stake network. Rebased preserved Stardust balances through a 1:1 ledger-state transfer in May 2025, but changed decimals, fees, staking and supply policy; it did not create equity or a redemption claim on the IOTA Foundation.

THETA is Theta Network’s fixed-supply staking coin, distinct from inflationary gas and reward coin TFUEL. Active validators need 200,000 THETA and compete for 31 slots; Guardians seal checkpoints with 1,000 THETA, while Edge Nodes sell compute or bandwidth and do not gain consensus power merely by running work.

Arweave uses AR, SPoRA and uniquely packed storage replicas to fund a permanent ledger. Its endowment is a protocol model with explicit assumptions, while gateways, content policies, upgrades and AO remain separate operational layers.

OriginTrail is a multi-chain Decentralized Knowledge Graph whose node software stores and serves structured knowledge while contracts anchor selected records and allocate TRAC publishing fees. The original 500 million-supply Ethereum TRAC is bridged to active DKG chains; NeuroWeb uses NEURO for gas, and current V10 documentation lists Base and Gnosis—not NeuroWeb—as selectable mainnets.

The Graph is a blockchain-data indexing protocol whose subgraphs turn chain events into queryable APIs. GRT coordinates Indexers, Curators and Delegators, while the live protocol runs principally on Arbitrum and remains upgradeable through Council-governed contracts.

Chutes is Bittensor Subnet 64: independent miners run GPU inference and validators score useful work. SN64 is its dTAO alpha, while Chutes Global Corp operates the customer platform and receives the live subnet owner cut.

GEODNET turns fixed GNSS reference stations into an RTK data service and a scored reward network. Polygon GEOD is fully minted with privileged roles empty; Solana migration, cloud payouts and veNFT governance keep separate control dependencies alive.

Golem is a peer-to-peer compute market whose current payment token is Ethereum GLM. The 2020 GNT conversion remains open: GLM supply rises only when legacy GNT is destroyed, while Yagna agreements, provider work and payment acceptance—not passive ownership—create economic rights.

Celium’s tracked SN51 asset is now Lium’s Bittensor subnet-51 alpha, not a company-issued smart-contract token. GPU rental fees, chain emissions and validator scoring create three different control surfaces, while holding alpha grants no claim on Datura AI or its GPUs.

Aethir coordinates distributed GPU Containers through Indexers, Checkers and managed portals. ATH has a 42-billion Ethereum cap, interchain controls on Arbitrum and Solana, separate Checker License administration, and no guaranteed reward or equity right.

Targon began as a Bittensor inference subnet and now sells GPU/CPU workloads through attested virtual machines and TargonOS. Its δ asset is native alpha for subnet 4: Bittensor emits it, Targon scoring directs miner rewards, and owning it does not buy a GPU or a claim on Manifold’s cloud revenue.

AIOZ is one economic unit recorded on three kinds of ledger: an inflationary Cosmos/EVM mainnet coin and owner-controlled Ethereum and BNB bridge wrappers. The native coin stakes, votes and pays for DePIN services; wrappers cannot. Its biography is the accounting story that prevents bridge inventory, protocol minting and infrastructure revenue from becoming the same claim.

HoloToken (HOT) is a fixed-supply Ethereum ERC-20 created in the 2018 presale as a placeholder claim on future HoloFuel hosting credits. HoloFuel has not launched as a production hosting currency, Holo Limited currently offers no conversion or redemption, and current Holo hosting is priced and settled in USD or EUR.

Livepeer's LPT is an adaptive-inflation staking and governance token for an Arbitrum video and AI compute market; it is not a share in Livepeer companies or a promise of compute income.

XPIN is a 100-billion-unit BNB Smart Chain token linked to a data-only eSIM service, planned DePIN hardware and reward programs. Product access is documented more clearly than token administration, on-chain governance or holder legal rights.

TFUEL is Theta’s spendable native fuel, not its governance stake. A five-billion genesis balance became 7,456,043,401 by September 5, 2026 because code issues fixed 48-TFUEL and 38-TFUEL block rewards while fees and Edge payments burn portions. THETA secures Validator and Guardian consensus; TFUEL pays gas, stakes to Elite Edge Nodes and settles EdgeCloud work.

io.net began as Ahmad Shadid’s attempt to turn scattered GPUs into an AI cloud. A 2024 spoofing wave exposed why headline device totals were not the same as verified, cluster-ready or rentable supply; leadership then changed twice, IO launched on Solana, and the network replaced fixed emissions with a revenue-sensitive engine in 2026.

PEAQ is the native asset of a machine-focused Layer 1 that grew from three founders’ enterprise IoT work. Its 2024 launch brought real machine registrations, but peaq’s larger device counts remain project-reported ecosystem reach, while inflation and treasury control still sit inside a staged governance transition.

XYO grew from a 2012 Bluetooth-finder business into a cryptographic location project, the 2019 COIN app and a 2025 Layer One. XYO, COIN points, XY Labs shares and XL1 confer different rights, while signed device histories improve provenance without certifying physical truth.